Valuation of Companies and Intangible Assets
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When companies require an objective and independent company valuation, they turn to PDV-a. PDVa's valuation services are based on extensive experience, the application of sophisticated methodologies, and compliance with international financial reporting requirements, adapted to national requirements.
In addition, we constantly monitor national regulatory and information requirements, as well as changes and trends in markets.
We collaborate with our clients to ensure that our valuation conclusions not only comply with regulatory requirements but are also part of their strategies.
Objectives of company valuation services
We offer valuation studies to support our clients in processes such as mergers, acquisitions, sales, financial and tax planning, financial reports, bankruptcies and reorganizations, litigation, dispute resolution, and strategic planning.
Our valuation specialists can carry out valuations of operating companies, tangible and intangible assets, intellectual property, common and preferred shares, minority interests in companies, employee stock option plans (ESOP), private debt instruments, options, warrants, and other derivative products.
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Frequently Asked Questions about Valuation
Creacion de Valor
Many shareholders and entrepreneurs, for various reasons, reach a point where they want to sell a company, its shares, etc., and a multitude of questions arise:
What is the real value of my company and how do I determine it?
How do I find potential buyers for my company?
What financial documents and records do I need for the sale of my company?
How can I maximize the value of my company before selling it?
How do I handle negotiations and the sales process itself?
What should I do if there are multiple buyers interested in my company?
How will the sale of my company affect my employees and customers?
What are the legal risks and responsibilities I assume when selling my company?
- What options do I have if I can't find buyers willing to pay the price I want for my company?
Selling a company is a process.
All of these questions require a timely answer, and too many first-time entrepreneurs are unprepared for the sale of their business. What should be a happy and satisfying event often becomes frustrating or disappointing.
Three tips have been identified for those who may be planning to sell a company:
Seek clarity about the purpose of your life. Ultimately, the greatest cause of regret for the seller is when the entrepreneur's life feels directionless after the sale.
Work on your business. The daily grind of running a business often distracts entrepreneurs from the important work they should be doing.
Plan for a sale in advance, even if you're not sure you want to sell. This will ensure that your business follows a healthy trajectory and that you and your team are focused and accountable.
Selling a company is a complex process that requires time and careful planning. Below are some steps that can help you get started:
Determine the value of your company: Before putting your company up for sale, it is important to evaluate its value to establish a fair price. This involves evaluating assets, income, expenses, and other relevant factors. You can hire a company valuation specialist to assist you with this process.
Prepare the necessary documentation: You will need to gather all documentation related to the company, such as financial statements, ownership agreements, contracts, tax records, and any other relevant documents.
Find a buyer: You can try to sell your company through a brokerage agency or by directly contacting potential buyers. You can also post an ad online or in specialized publications.
Negotiate the terms of the sale: Once you have found an interested buyer, it is important to negotiate the terms of the sale. This includes the sale price, payment method, delivery conditions, among other aspects.
Complete the sale: Once you have reached an agreement with the buyer, you will need to complete the sale. This includes transferring ownership and delivering all documents and assets related to the company.
It is important to note that the process of selling a company can be complex and requires time and careful planning. You may consider working with a lawyer or financial advisor to assist you in the process and ensure that all details are handled properly.
Should I hire an advisor to help me with the sales process?
Hiring a mergers and acquisitions advisor to assist in the sale of a company can be a good option for many business owners. Both professionals can provide valuable expertise and help ensure that the sale is conducted effectively and fairly.
An advisor can provide a wide range of services, including company valuation, finding potential buyers, presenting the company to buyers, and managing the entire sales process. A mergers and acquisitions advisor can also help maximize the value of the company before the sale, which can result in a higher sale price.
In conclusion
Contratar a un asesor de fusiones y adquisiciones puede ser una inversión valiosa para garantizar una venta exitosa y justa de una empresa. Es importante investigar y seleccionar cuidadosamente a un profesional con experiencia y reputación probada en ventas de negocios para asegurarse de obtener el mejor resultado posible.
Hiring a mergers and acquisitions advisor can be a valuable
References
Content Management | https://hbr.org | Company valuation methods | Online company valuation | How to make selling your business a satisfying experience.
One way for a company to grow is by purchasing another company. On paper, it may seem easy, but there are many cases of buying and selling that turned into real dramas for those involved.
Why do I want to buy a company? What are my long-term goals?
- Why do I want to buy a company? What are my long-term goals?
- What type of company am I looking for? In which industry or sector?
- What is my budget? How much am I willing to pay for a company?
- How can I evaluate the financial health of the company I'm considering buying?
- How can I determine the market value of the company?
- What are the assets and liabilities of the company I'm considering buying?
- What types of purchase-sale agreements are available? Which one is most suitable for me?
- How can I ensure that the purchase-sale transaction is fair and equitable for both parties?
- What type of due diligence should I do before finalizing the purchase?
- How can I manage the transition and ensure that the company continues to operate smoothly after the purchase?
Why do I want to buy a company? What are my long-term goals?
These are important questions to ask yourself before buying a company. Some possible answers could be:
- Expand my current business: If you already have an established business, buying another company could help you expand your operations, increase your revenue, and take advantage of synergies between both companies.
- Enter a new market: Buying a company in a new market could help you diversify your sources of income and reduce the risk of depending on a single market.
- Acquire technology or intellectual property: If the company you're considering has valuable technology or intellectual property, it could be a good opportunity to acquire it and use it in your own business.
- Be your own boss: If you're looking to own your own business, buying a company can be a way to achieve that without having to start from scratch.
- Get a return on investment: If you're looking to invest your money and get a long-term return on investment, buying a company can be an attractive option.
Buying a company can be a complex process that requires good planning and analysis. Here are some steps you can take to get started:
- Define your purchase criteria: Determine your objectives and the characteristics of the company you want to buy, such as size, industry, geographic location, profitability, growth potential, and other important aspects
- Market research: Conduct market research to evaluate the supply of companies that meet your purchase criteria and their price.
- Evaluate the company: Conduct a detailed evaluation of the company you want to buy, including its financial history, customers, employees, competition, intellectual property, among other aspects.
- Negotiate the terms: If you have found a company that interests you, start negotiations to define the terms of the purchase, including price, financing, deadlines, and other relevant aspects.
- Formalize the agreement: Once you have agreed on the terms of the purchase, formalize the agreement by drafting a purchase-sale contract.
- Finalize the transaction: After formalizing the agreement, a thorough due diligence must be carried out to ensure that all the information provided is truthful, and the transfer of the assets of the company and the signing of the necessary documents to complete the transaction must be proceeded.
Why is it important to have an advisor when buying a company?
It is important to have an advisor when buying a company because the acquisition of a company is a complex process that involves many legal, financial, strategic, and operational aspects. An experienced advisor can provide an objective perspective and help evaluate the viability and risks of the acquisition.
A financial advisor can assist in analyzing the financial statements and other important documents of the target company, evaluating its value, and identifying possible issues that may affect the operation of the company after acquisition. They can also help negotiate the terms of the acquisition, including price and payment conditions, and draft and review the necessary contracts and agreements for the transaction.
Additionally, an advisor can provide strategic and operational guidance to help the acquiring company effectively integrate the acquired company and maximize the benefits of the acquisition.
In conclusion
In conclusion, the article explains that one way of achieving business growth is through the acquisition of a company, but this can be a complex process that requires planning and analysis. It presents important questions that should be asked before considering a purchase, such as long-term objectives, budget, and how to evaluate the financial health of the company. Additionally, it describes the steps for purchasing, including defining purchase criteria, market research, company evaluation, negotiation of terms, formalization of the agreement, and completion of the transaction.
The importance of having an experienced advisor to provide guidance and evaluate the risks and viability of the acquisition is emphasized.
References.
Content Management | https://hbr.org | Company valuation methods | Online company valuation | How to make selling your business a satisfying experience.
A common question among economics and finance students and professionals is the difference between value and price. At first glance, common sense tells us that there is a difference, but it is often difficult to express it with arguments.
In economics, the market constantly proposes a difference between value and price. Markets are fundamental for conducting transactions, and their function is to determine the price of goods. But what happens when there is no market and we must determine the price of a good?
The market constantly proposes a difference between value and price.
In that case, a valuation process is carried out which subsequently, in the negotiation process, becomes a price. As Warren Buffett said, "price is what you pay and value is what you get." The difference between value and price is fundamental to understanding investments in financial markets.
Most owners and managers of medium-sized private businesses (both family-owned and non-family-owned) operate day-to-day without a clear understanding of the difference between price and value. Unlike their counterparts that trade on the stock exchange, they do not have the benefit of daily automatic valuation based on the price of shares, nor do they have teams of corporate strategy executives prepared to analyze value creation.
Many leaders of medium-sized companies also see third-party valuations as complicated, time-consuming, intrusive, and costly. Therefore, they only carry them out when necessary, for example, when seeking capital for growth. If you are the owner or manager of a medium-sized company, it is imperative that you conduct a detailed valuation at least once a year.
This could prevent you from spending precious resources on attracting the wrong customers, trying to grow areas of your business that are inevitably in decline, and not recognizing and investing in your areas of greatest opportunity. In addition, if approached by a buyer interested in acquiring your company, you will be prepared to respond and negotiate. The authors present an easier and more accessible method for valuing your company.
Markets are constantly valuing goods and arriving at prices, while analysts are constantly valuing investments and arriving at values.
Difference between value and price
In the context of economics (the difference between value and price) and finance, the term "value" refers to the utility or importance attributed to a good or service. This value can be subjective and determined by the individual perception of each person, or it can be objective and determined by factors such as supply and demand, production costs, the quality of the good, among others.
The term "value" refers to the usefulness or importance attributed to a good or service.
- In general, value is expressed in monetary terms, such as the price at which the good or service is sold in the market. However, value can also be non-monetary, as in the case of personal use goods that have sentimental or emotional value for the owner.
It is important to note that value (the difference between value and price) can vary over time and in different situations, and that its determination is fundamental in the decision-making of economic agents, such as consumers, producers, and investors.
The price refers to the monetary value assigned to a good or service in the market, that is, the amount of money that must be paid to acquire it.
- Price refers to the monetary value assigned to a good or service in the market, that is, the amount of money that must be paid to acquire it.
- Price is determined by various factors, including the supply and demand of the good or service, production costs, competition, and other external factors such as government regulations, economic fluctuations, and changes in consumer preferences. Price is a key factor in the decision-making of economic agents, as it influences the amount of goods or services that are bought or sold. In some cases, the price can be used as an indicator of the quality or perceived value of the good or service, although in other cases, the price may not fully reflect these factors.
In conclusion
El resumen, la diferencia entre valor y precio en el contexto de la economía y las finanzas. Aunque a menudo se utilizan indistintamente, el valor se refiere a la utilidad o importancia que se le atribuye a un bien o servicio, mientras que el precio se refiere al valor monetario asignado a un bien o servicio en el mercado.
En ausencia de un mercado, se realiza un proceso de valoración para determinar el valor de un bien, que luego se convierte en precio durante la negociación. La determinación del valor es fundamental en la toma de decisiones económicas, como la inversión y la gestión empresarial, y puede ser subjetivo u objetivo. Los factores que influyen en el precio incluyen la oferta y la demanda, los costos de producción, la competencia y otros factores externos.
PDV-a assists you with your corporate finance advisory needs PDVa Value to businesso
References
https://akademiun.com | https://avacum.com | https://hbr.org
Casos de estudio
Difference between value and price: Do You Know How Much Your Business Is Worth?
A "fairness opinion" is a tool that protects executive directors and shareholders in certain transactions by providing an impartial and specialized evaluation of the appropriate price. This opinion is internationally validated and conforms to specific standards to ensure transparency in transactions.
In an increasingly complex market, with changing regulations and rules, it is crucial to have the support of experts who can offer independent opinions on specific actions.
A fairness opinion becomes a key factor in ensuring the integrity of transactions.
In other words, through an independent opinion, it is sought to evaluate whether the price offered in a transaction is reasonable and fair, based on a variety of factors such as market value, financial performance, future growth potential, and other relevant factors.
The independent opinion is carried out by a specialized and accredited firm, which has the experience and necessary knowledge to conduct an impartial and objective evaluation of the transaction. The independent opinion may be requested by one or both parties involved in the transaction and is especially useful in protecting executive directors and shareholders, ensuring that the transaction is fair and equitable.
The "fairness opinion" is a tool that allows for the evaluation of whether the price offered in a transaction is fair and adequate. This independent opinion is validated internationally and adheres to specific standards to ensure transparency in transactions. It is conducted by a specialized and accredited firm and may be requested by one or both parties involved. An independent opinion is crucial to ensure the integrity of transactions and protect executives, directors, and shareholders.
International Standards that Conform to the Fairness Opinion
The "fairness opinion" is a professional assessment carried out by an independent financial advisor that evaluates whether the price of a proposed transaction is fair from a financial point of view. Although there is no specific international standard that conforms to the "fairness opinion," there are several international standards and guidelines that may be relevant, such as:
- International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): IFRS are a set of international accounting standards that establish accounting and financial reporting principles. IFRS may be relevant to a "fairness opinion" if the proposed transaction involves accounting or financial reporting.
- Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC): The Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants establishes the ethical principles that professional accountants must follow. The code may be relevant to a "fairness opinion" because it establishes standards for independence and objectivity.
- Code of Conduct of the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Institute: The Code of Conduct of the CFA Institute establishes ethical standards that financial analysts must follow. The code may be relevant to a "fairness opinion" because it establishes standards for independence and objectivity.
- Guidelines for the Evaluation of Merger and Acquisition Transactions of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA): The AICPA has developed guidelines for the evaluation of merger and acquisition transactions, which may be relevant to a "fairness opinion" because they establish the standards that independent financial advisors must follow in the evaluation of the proposed transaction.
It is important to note that although these standards and guidelines may be useful in the evaluation of a "fairness opinion," they are not mandatory, and the evaluation must be adapted to the specific circumstances of each proposed transaction.
Definition of Fairness Opinion according to ASA
According to the American Society of Appraisers (ASA), a "fairness opinion" is an evaluation carried out by an independent expert that evaluates whether the terms and conditions of a proposed transaction are fair from a financial point of view for all parties involved.
In other words, a "fairness opinion" is a report prepared by a valuation specialist that evaluates whether the terms of a commercial operation are fair for all parties involved. These reports may be required by shareholders, management, buyers or sellers to ensure that the transaction terms are fair and equitable for all parties.
Definition of Fairness Opinion according to SEC
According to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a fairness opinion is a report issued by an independent financial advisor that evaluates whether the price and conditions of a proposed transaction are fair, from a financial perspective, for the shareholders of the company being acquired or sold.
The SEC requires publicly traded companies to provide a fairness opinion in certain important transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, to help shareholders make informed decisions about whether or not to support the transaction. The report must be prepared by an independent expert and based on a detailed financial analysis that includes an analysis of the company, the industry, and the market in which it operates.
Definition of Fairness Opinion according to USGAAP
The US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (USGAAP) does not have a specific definition for fairness opinion since it is not a recognized accounting or financial term. However, in the context of business transactions, a fairness opinion is an opinion issued by an independent expert that evaluates whether the price and conditions of a proposed transaction are fair, from a financial perspective, for all parties involved, including shareholders and other stakeholders in the transaction.
Generally, a fairness opinion is based on a detailed analysis of the financial statements and relevant data of the company, as well as an assessment of the market value of the company and the proposed transaction compared to similar transactions in the same industry. The objective of a fairness opinion is to assist stakeholders in making informed decisions about the transaction and to mitigate the risk of future litigation in case any of the stakeholders believe that the terms of the transaction were not fair.
In conclusion
A fairness opinion is a tool that allows for the evaluation of whether the price offered in a transaction is fair and appropriate. It is an independent and expert opinion that is internationally validated and conforms to specific standards to ensure transparency in transactions. This opinion is carried out by a specialized and accredited firm that has the experience and knowledge necessary to conduct an impartial and objective evaluation of the transaction. The text also mentions international standards that conform to the fairness opinion, such as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), the Code of Conduct of the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Institute, and the Guidelines for the Evaluation of Merger and Acquisition Transactions of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
PDV-a assists you with your corporate finance advisory needs PDVa Value to businesso
References
https://akademiun.com | https://avacum.com | https://hbr.org
Casos de estudio
Business valuation is the process of determining the value of a company or business based on its financial situation, assets, liabilities, income and expenses, market position, management team, business model, and other relevant factors.
Business valuation can have different objectives, such as selling the company, merging with another company, obtaining financing, or estate planning. Overall, business valuation is important because it provides information about the company's financial situation and growth potential, and can be critical in situations such as the sale of a company or obtaining financing.
Why do we perform business valuation?
Business valuation is performed for various reasons, including:
- Sale of the company: If the owners of the company are considering selling it, they need to know its current value to establish a fair and attractive price for potential buyers.
- Merger or acquisition: If the company is considering merging with another company or acquiring another company, it needs to know the value of both companies to determine the terms and conditions of the transaction.
- Obtaining financing: If the company needs to obtain financing from investors or lenders, it needs to demonstrate its value and ability to generate income to obtain better terms and conditions.
- Estate planning: Business valuation is important in estate planning, as it allows owners to determine the value of their assets and plan for succession.
Overall, business valuation helps owners, investors, and other stakeholders understand the value of the company and make informed decisions about its future.
The Importance of Knowing the Value of a Company or Business
Knowing the value of a company or business is of great importance for several reasons:
- Decision making: Business valuation provides key information for making strategic and operational decisions. For example, it can help owners decide whether to sell the company, merge with another company, acquire new investments, or seek financing.
- Commercial transactions: Valuation is also important in commercial transactions, such as the sale or purchase of a company or business. In this case, knowing the value of the company is essential for establishing a fair price and reaching an agreement between the parties.
- Financing: Financial institutions and investors often require a valuation of the company or business before granting financing or investing in a company. Valuation provides important information for determining the company's potential to generate profits and pay off debts.
- Financial planning: Valuation is also important for financial planning, as it provides information about the owner's wealth and the taxes that must be paid in the event of a sale or transfer of the company.
Knowing the value of a company or business is fundamental to making strategic and operational decisions, commercial transactions, financing, and financial planning.
In conclusion
Business valuation involves determining its value based on financial, market, and other relevant factors. This valuation can have different objectives, such as sale, merger, financing, or estate planning. Knowing the value of a company is important because it allows for informed and strategic decision-making in commercial situations, such as the sale or purchase of a company, and is essential for obtaining financing or investment. Additionally, valuation provides valuable information for financial planning and tax determination.
PDV-a Te ayuda en la valoración de tus activos (tangibles o intangibles) y de los negocios en marcha (Empresa) | email: info@pdv.acom
References
American Society of Appraisers, ASA Business Valuation, Standards | WORLD BANK GROUP, EVALUATION PRINCIPLES | ISO 10668:2010 establece los principios fundamentales de la valoración | Online company valuation. | Content management | Ponte en contacto email: info@akademiun.com |
It is important to follow a staged process when valuing a company as it allows for a rigorous, detailed, and objective evaluation of the business.
Each stage of the process allows for the collection of specific and relevant information, and the application of appropriate valuation techniques and methods to obtain a precise and reliable result. Additionally, a structured process helps to identify possible risks and challenges that may arise during the valuation and take preventive measures to mitigate them. It also allows for clear documentation and communication of the valuation results to stakeholders, which can be critical in situations such as the sale of a company or obtaining financing.
Company Valuation Process
The process of valuing a company generally involves the following steps and stages:
- Identify the purpose of the valuation: This determines the approach that will be taken. The purpose may be the sale of the company, merger with another company, obtaining financing, estate planning, among others.
- Obtain information about the company: In this stage, information about the company is collected, including its financial history, assets, liabilities, income, expenses, market position, management team, business model, among others.
- Select valuation method: The most appropriate valuation method for the company in question is then selected. Common methods include the income approach, asset approach, and market approach.
- Make adjustments and projections: In this stage, adjustments are made to the company's financial data to reflect its true value, and financial projections are made for the future.
- Determine the value of the company: Using the selected valuation method and adjusted and projected data, the value of the company is determined.
- Document the valuation report: Once the valuation is completed, the valuation report must be documented, including the methodology used, financial data, assumptions, and results.
- Communicate the valuation report: The valuation report must be communicated to relevant stakeholders, such as company owners, investors, lenders, etc.
It is important to note that each valuation is unique, and the process may vary depending on the circumstances and specific objectives of the company.
International Standards
ISO 10668:2010 establishes principles and requirements for the valuation of financial and non-financial assets, including the valuation of companies and businesses. This standard is based on the concept of value, defined as the price that an informed and motivated buyer would be willing to pay to acquire the asset in question in a free and voluntary transaction in the marke
ISO 10668:2010 establishes the fundamental principles of valuation, such as objectivity, transparency, integrity, impartiality, and competence. It also sets out the requirements for valuation reports, which must include information on the methodology used, financial data, assumptions, and results.
ISO 10668:2010 is a useful tool for companies looking to perform a rigorous and reliable valuation of their financial and non-financial assets, including the valuation of companies and businesses. Adopting this standard can help ensure that the valuation is conducted fairly and objectively, which can be especially important in situations such as the sale of a company or obtaining financing.
In conclusion
Valuing a company involves identifying the purpose, collecting information, selecting the appropriate method, making adjustments and projections, determining value, documenting the report, and communicating it to stakeholders. Each valuation is unique, and the process may vary depending on the circumstances and specific objectives.
PDV-a Te ayuda en la valoración de tus activos (tangibles o intangibles) y de los negocios en marcha (Empresa) | email: info@pdv.acom
References
American Society of Appraisers, ASA Business Valuation, Standards | WORLD BANK GROUP, EVALUATION PRINCIPLES | ISO 10668:2010 establece los principios fundamentales de la valoración | Online company valuation. | Content management | Ponte en contacto email: info@akademiun.com |
When it comes to valuing assets or properties (business valuation), it is important to understand the difference between value and price.
Price is established by the market, based on supply and demand, and is reflected in transactions, such as those that occur on the stock market. On the other hand, value is determined by applying business valuation methods that, under certain assumptions, give us an approximation of the price.
To determine the value of an asset, three business valuation principles can be used:
- Cost-based method, The cost method is an accounting technique used to determine the value of an asset or liability. This business valuation method is based on the accounting principle that the value of an asset is equal to the cost incurred to acquire or produce it. The cost method is commonly used in inventory and fixed asset accounting. In the case of inventory, cost is determined by the purchase price of the products, production costs, and distribution expenses. In the case of fixed assets, cost includes the purchase price, transportation, installation and improvements costs, as well as any other expenses related to the acquisition of the asset.
- Market-based method: The market valuation method is a technique used to determine the value of an asset or a company based on observed market prices for similar assets or companies. This method is based on the principle that the value of an asset or company is equal to the price a buyer would be willing to pay for it in a free and competitive market. In the case of an asset, the market valuation method involves comparing the price of the asset to observed market prices for similar assets. For example, if you want to value a house, you can compare the price of the house to prices of other similar houses in the same area. In the case of a company, the market valuation method involves comparing the price of the company to observed market prices for similar companies. For example, if you want to value a technology company, you can compare the price of the company to market prices of other similar technology companies. The market valuation method is a useful technique for determining the value of an asset or company when there is sufficient information on market prices of similar assets or companies. However, finding exactly comparable assets or companies in all aspects can be difficult, which can limit the accuracy of the valuation.
- Income-based method: A technique used to estimate the value of a company, asset, or project based on its ability to generate income in the future. This approach is based on the premise that the value of an asset or company is directly related to its ability to generate cash flows.
In conclusion, it is essential to apply valuation principles to determine the value of an asset or property, and it is essential to understand the difference between value and price when doing so.
Note: Business valuation principles are a set of guidelines that establish the basis for determining the value of an asset or a company. These principles are important to ensure that business valuation is objective, fair, and accurate. The valuation principles may vary depending on the type of asset or company being valued. Business valuation principles are crucial to ensuring that valuation is conducted fairly, objectively, and accurately, and to ensure that investors and other stakeholders can rely on the results.
Other data
American Society of Appraisers, ASA Business Valuation, Standards
WORLD BANK GROUP, EVALUATION PRINCIPLES
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Study Case
What’s It Worth?: A General Manager’s Guide to Valuation
Behind every important resource allocation decision a company makes, there is some calculation of what that move is worth. Whether the decision is to launch a new product, enter into a strategic partnership, invest in R&D, or build a new facility, the way a company estimates value is a critical determinant of how it allocates resources. And resource allocation, in turn, is a key factor in a company's overall performance.
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